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GLP-1 is derived from enteroglucagon-containing cells
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The gut plays a role in the regulation of insulin release after glucose ingestion. Following orally administered glucose, the rise in blood insulin is greater and the clearance of glucose from the blood faster than after intravenous administration of the same amount of glucose. Thus, there appears to be a "hormone" released from the intestine by glucose which stimulates the pancreas islet cells to release insulin. Of the insulinotropic hormones in the gut, glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, known formerly as gastric inhibitory polypeptide) are the most active during a meal. These "incretins" cause a rapid release of insulin which suggests that their primary effect is releasing stored insulin. Somatostatin from gastric D cells, and from small intestinal nerve cells is also released during a meal. Somatostatin, by down-regulating the release of insulin, modulates the action of the incretins.
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Summary
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In summary, food in the upper intestine stimulates insulin release from the stored insulin pool in the islet cells of the pancreas. Intestinal somatostatin down-regulates the secretion of insulin.
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Next Section (F): Diseases of the Pancreas »
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